Horten Ho-2 Flying Wing Test Flight 1935

Reimar Horten notes:

To keep the frontal dimension to a minimum, we decided to put the pilot in a reclining position in our next project, so that he would remain within the wing contour. Transparent panels would be installed around the leading edge to provide visibility. The elevator system would be redesigned to avoid the reversal problems of the Ho I.

Few additional changes from the Ho I philosophy were planned, except to make it self-launching. We planned a tandem undercarriage with retractable front wheel, and steerable tail wheel.

The Ho II was also built in our home with some help from local glider club members, and a local motorcycle shop. It was ready after nine months, and taken to the Bonn-Hangelar airport in May 1935.

The first flight was made by towing it across the field at low altitude with a winch. We started with the c/g at the forward limit, and gradually moved it aft with trim weights. The aircraft remained docile, and fully controllable.

Although the problems with the "middle-effect" was not solved, the bell shaped lift distribution pattern used on the Ho II, had enabled us to make a large step forward with the stability and controllability of the flying wing.
The landing gear was not entirely successful. The ground roll was unstable with the steerable tail wheel, and there was no shock absorber in the nose strut. The whole undercarriage was modified later. The unfamiliar reclining position, so popular in modern sailplanes, was not a good solution. It was difficult to see out while circling, and during slow flight, the pilots feet would be above the horizon, and higher than his head. Still, we did not make any changes to the cockpit, in order to better study the "middle-effect".

We were able to borrow a 60 HP Hirth engine, and after a three month long modification program, we were able to take off on our own. We had calculated that only 20 HP was needed for takeoff; the excess power of the Hirth engine allowed it to accelerate to 180 km by the time it reached the far end of the runway. The Ho II would climb to 3000 feet in two and a half minute.

The engine was sometimes shut down in flight to explore the aircraft's soaring capability. In such cases, the aircraft was landed without power, since the engine could not be restarted in flight.

The drag rudders were rarely used, since the absence of adverse yaw permitted coordinated turns with the ailerons alone.

Flying the Ho II was easy, and it was much used for practice flights by inexperienced pilots. I used it myself, to obtain my glider rating. Walter lost the propeller at low altitude, during a demonstration before representatives of the Air Ministry, but proceeded to make a routine landing, and roll to a stop before the hangar. A very convincing demonstration, we thought.

Our experiments with the "Habicht" was terminated when the borrowed engine had to be returned. In 1937 we modified the wing tips in an attempt to prove that the induced drag at the wing tip became negative with the bell shaped lift distribution pattern. The wing tips would move fore and aft, pivoting around a 45 offset hinge on the main spar, and serve as elevons. The system was never tried in flight.

For an unbiased report on the handling of a Ho II, here is a summary of Hanna Reitsch's impressions after flying the D-11-187 near Berlin in November 1938:

"This report does not reflect the many improvements on the later Horten models.

Comfort: Mediocre
visibility: Poor
entry/exit: Athletes only
instrument panel: Fair
gear operation: Only possible for long armed pilot's*
steering friction: Unacceptable
takeoff: Stick all the way back to break ground
landing: Simple, with good glide path control
stability: Difficult to assess, since the stick remains where it is put due to friction
pitch response: Normal
roll control: Unfriendly, some flutter in turbulence.
The drag rudders are very sensitive, and moves the aircraft around both the roll and yaw axis. The harmony between the controls are poor. Drag rudder had to be used continuously during circling, and correct bank is difficult to establish*.
Sideslip: Impossible
stall/spin: No combination of control inputs could make a wing drop, with the stick all the way back, the speed stabilizes at 55 MPH or less in a gentle mush."

Ho II Data Table

Usage - Experimental
Fuselage Construction - Steel tube
Wing Construction - Wood
Capacity - One person
Span - 16.5 m
Sweep Angle - 29.5 degrees
Taper Ratio - 8.4
Wing Root Thickness - 20% chord
Wing Root Depth - 3.5 m
Rib Spacing - 0.4 m (0.2 at the wing leadling edge)
Wing Area - 32.0 m2
Aspect Ratio - 8.5
Pilot position - Recumbent, on the back -
Mid-section width - 2.4 m
Cockpit width - 0.80 m
Cockpit height (from seat) - 0.70 m
Empty weight - 220 kg
Ballast (water)
Additional payload - 80 kg
Maximum weight - 300 kg
Wing loading - 9.4 kg/m2